The duty in context
No improper use of client money money
The lawyer must withdraw client money only for its proper purpose, must not overdraw a client's funds, and must not use the client account as a banking facility.
How the codes express this duty
E&W Solicitors SRA Principles & Code SAR Rule 5.1; SAR Rule 3.3; SAR Rule 5.3 strong 1,008 cases
5.1 You only withdraw client money from a client account: (a) for the purpose for which it is being held; ... 3.3 You must not use a client account to provide banking facilities to clients or third parties. ... 5.3 You only withdraw client money from a client account if sufficient funds are held on behalf of that specific client or third party to make the payment.
Solicitors Accounts Rules · 2019 · archived copy · official source ↗
E&W Barristers BSB Handbook no clear equivalent
Cayman Islands Legal Services Code 2026 P.7; R.9.2 partial
Attorneys-at-law shall protect client money and assets... An attorney-at-law and a recognised law entity shall safeguard money and assets entrusted to them by clients and others.
Cayman Islands Legal Services Code of Professional Conduct · 2026 · archived copy
AU Solicitors Solicitors' Conduct Rules no clear equivalent
AU Barristers Uniform Barristers Rules no clear equivalent
IE Solicitors Law Society Guide Ch9 — Accounts regulations: General strong 90 cases
To use each client's money for that client's matter only, To use trust money only for the purpose of that trust... To establish and maintain proper accounting systems and proper internal control systems to ensure compliance with the regulations.
Solicitor's Guide to Professional Conduct (Law Society of Ireland) · 4th ed. (2022) · archived copy · official source ↗
IE Barristers Bar Code of Conduct no clear equivalent
JM Attorneys Canons of Professional Ethics Canon VII(a) partial 118 cases
An Attorney shall comply with rules as may from time to time be prescribed by the General Legal Council relating to the keeping in separate accounts- (i) the funds of himself or any firm with which he is associated; and (ii) those of his clients.
Legal Profession (Canons of Professional Ethics) Rules · 1978 (principal) · archived copy · official source ↗
JE Lawyers Law Society of Jersey Code P.7; R.7.4 a),c) partial
Members must protect client money and assets... Members must: a) identify, monitor and manage risks to money and assets entrusted to them by clients and others... c) ensure compliance with the Accounts Rules.
Law Society of Jersey Code of Conduct · 1 January 2017 · archived copy · official source ↗
ON Lawyers LSO Rules of Prof. Conduct r 3.6-10; r 3.2-7.3 strong
3.6-10 A lawyer shall not appropriate any funds of the client held in trust or otherwise under the lawyer's control for or on account of fees except as permitted by the by-laws under the Law Society Act. [3.2-7.3 A lawyer shall not use their trust account for purposes not related to the provision of legal services.]
Law Society of Ontario — Rules of Professional Conduct · current · archived copy · official source ↗
BC Lawyers BC Code r 3.6-10 strong 71 cases
A lawyer must not appropriate any client funds held in trust or otherwise under the lawyer's control for or on account of fees, except as permitted by the governing legislation.
Code of Professional Conduct for British Columbia (BC Code) · 2017 · archived copy · official source ↗
NZ Lawyers Conduct & Client Care Rules r 10.5.2 / r 9.3 partial
A lawyer who receives funds on terms requiring the lawyer to hold the funds in a trust account as a stakeholder must adhere strictly to those terms and disburse the funds only in accordance with them. ... A lawyer who wishes to debit fees held in trust or to receive funds to cover fees in advance must comply with the requirements of regulations 9 and 10 of the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act (Trust Account) Regulations 2008.
Lawyers and Conveyancers Act (Lawyers: Conduct and Client Care) Rules 2008 · SR 2008/214 · archived copy · official source ↗
SCO Solicitors LSS Standards of Conduct no clear equivalent
SG Lawyers Professional Conduct Rules 2015 r 16 (Client money) partial 19 cases
16 Client money
Legal Profession (Professional Conduct) Rules 2015 · 2015 · archived copy · official source ↗
HK Solicitors Solicitors' Guide Principle 13.02 / Principle 4.02 Commentary 4 partial
A client account cheque must never be dishonoured. A solicitor must take care to ensure that any cheque for use in connection with his practice will be honoured upon presentation. ... Dishonour of a client account cheque will other than in exceptional circumstances indicate a breach of the Solicitors' Accounts Rules (Cap. 159 sub. leg. F). ... Under rule 9(2) of the Solicitors' Accounts Rules (Cap. 159 sub. leg. F), money received for or on account of an agreed fee which is paid by a client to his solicitor must be paid into an office account.
Hong Kong Solicitors' Guide to Professional Conduct (Volume 1) · current · archived copy · official source ↗
HK Barristers Bar Code of Conduct no clear equivalent
Cases dealing with this duty
1,489 decisions · link basis: found breached = a tribunal finding; rule cited = the mapped provision is cited in the decision; text match = high-precision text pattern
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Paul Francis Fallon
Breaches, Client Money, Failures, Others, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Howard Victor Stone
Breaches, Client Money, Failures, Others, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Craig Anthony LINDLEY
Guilty of professional misconduct on 2 charges.
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Pamela Wall
In the matter of Pamela Wall, solicitor, formerly of 8 Carmody Street, Ennis, Co Clare, and in the matter of the Solicitors Acts 1954-2008 [6728/DT88/11 and 2012 no 75 SA] Law Society of Ireland (applicant) Pamela Wall …
suspension View decision -
Paul, Anthony Donald Evans
1. Appropriated to his own use the proceeds of cheques 2. Concealed from his partners that the Solicitor had appropriated to his own use the proceeds of cheques 3. Misled the Court 4. Forged signature on a trust cheque …
Costs Removal of practitioner's name from the Roll of Local Lawyers $0.00 Proceedings Instituted View decision -
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Pizzinga, Vincent John
1. Misappropriated trust funds 2. Intermingled trust funds 3. Provided to the Trust Account Investigator and to a third party trust account statements or trust ledgers that did not disclose the true position in respect …
Removal of practitioner's name from the Roll of Local Lawyers $0.00 Proceedings Instituted View decision -
Gabrielle M Dalton
In the matter of Gabrielle M Dalton, a solicitor formerly practising under the style and title of Gabrielle Dalton & Associates, 21 Otteran Place, South Parade, Waterford, and in the matter of the Solicitors Acts 1954-2…
other View decision -
Oswald Paul David James
Struck off, Restitution Ordered | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered September 11, 2012. View PDF DECISION OF THE DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL LEGAL COUNCIL Complaint No. 106/2008 IN THE MATTER of a comp…
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Fitzsimons, Christopher Ronald
1. Misappropriation 2. Breaches of Section 254 of the Legal Profession Act 2004 - Failure to deposit trust money in a general trust account/failure to deal with money as directed 3. Breaches of Section 257 of the Legal …
Costs Removal of practitioner's name from the Roll of Local Lawyers $0.00 Proceedings Instituted View decision -
Maloney, Shane Michael
1. Breach of Section 264 of the Legal Profession Act 2004 - by not depositing trust money into a trust account (x4) 2. Breach of Section 260 of the Legal Profession Act 2004 - by intermixing trust money with other money…
Costs Removal of practitioner's name from the Roll of Local Lawyers $0.00 Proceedings Instituted View decision -
Lo, Kevin
1. Falsely declared information concerning trust money 2. Failed to comply with Sections 253,254,255, 256 and 260 of the Legal Profession Act 2004 - dealing with trust accounts and trust money 3. Misled trust account in…
Costs Removal of practitioner's name from the Roll of Local Lawyers $0.00 Proceedings Instituted View decision -
Chrystine A. Bernard
Already Struck off, Restitution ordered | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered July 27, 2012. View PDF JUDGEMENT OF THE DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL LEGAL COUNCIL COMPLAINT NO. 2/2011 YVONNE MARIE CHIN COM…
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Noel Brennan
In the matter of Noel Brennan, a solicitor formerly practising as a partner in Joy Brennan & Company, Solicitors, at 1 New Quay, Clonmel, Co Tipperary, and in the matter of the Solicitors Acts 1954-2008 [4028/DT22/11 an…
other View decision -
Noel Brennan
In the matter of Noel Brennan, a solicitor formerly practising as a partner in Joy Brennan & Company, Solicitors, at 1 New Quay, Clonmel, Co Tipperary, and in the matter of the Solicitors Acts 1954-2008 [4028/DT21/11 an…
fine View decision -
Drew Adrian KELLAHAN
Guilty of professional misconduct on 3 charges.
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Arthur G. Kitchin
Struck off, Restitution Ordered | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered June 23, 2012. View PDF DECISION OF THE DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL LEGAL COUNCIL IN THE MATTER of a Complaint against Arthur Kitchin…
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Sheehan, Marshall
1. Transferring costs without authority 2. Failure to render accounts 3. Making unlawful/unauthorised drawings from trust funds 4. Wilfully breaching section 61 of the Legal Profession Act, 1987 - handling of trust mone…
Costs Removal of practitioner's name from the Roll of Local Lawyers $0.00 Proceedings Instituted View decision -
Sheldon Codner
Struck off, Restitution ordered | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered May 19, 2012. View PDF JUDGEMENT OF THE DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL LEGAL COUNCIL COMPLAINT NO. 153/2011 CARLTON & NADINE DUNKLEY COM…
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Anthony Scott WOOD
Guilty of professional misconduct on 1 charge.
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Chrystine A. Bernard
Struck off | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered April 14, 2012. View PDF DECISION OF THE DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE OF THE GENERAL LEGAL COUNCIL Complaint No. 102/2011 IN THE MATTER of a Complaint against Chrystine W…
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Rico Rey Hipolito
Agreed Statement of Facts
Agreed Statement of Facts View decision -
Katherine MA Ryan
In the matter of Katherine MA Ryan, a solicitor formerly practising under the style and title of Ryan & Company, Solicitors, at 42 Woodley Park, Kilmacud, Dublin 14, and in the matter of the Solicitors Acts 1954-2008 [6…
strike_off View decision
Duty classification does not yet cover every jurisdiction (Ontario, New Zealand and Singapore decisions are indexed but not yet duty-classified), so counts here understate those corpora.