The duty in context
No improper use of client money money
The lawyer must withdraw client money only for its proper purpose, must not overdraw a client's funds, and must not use the client account as a banking facility.
How the codes express this duty
E&W Solicitors SRA Principles & Code SAR Rule 5.1; SAR Rule 3.3; SAR Rule 5.3 strong 1,062 cases
5.1 You only withdraw client money from a client account: (a) for the purpose for which it is being held; ... 3.3 You must not use a client account to provide banking facilities to clients or third parties. ... 5.3 You only withdraw client money from a client account if sufficient funds are held on behalf of that specific client or third party to make the payment.
Solicitors Accounts Rules · 2019 · archived copy · official source ↗
E&W Barristers BSB Handbook no clear equivalent
Cayman Islands Legal Services Code 2026 P.7; R.9.2 partial
Attorneys-at-law shall protect client money and assets... An attorney-at-law and a recognised law entity shall safeguard money and assets entrusted to them by clients and others.
Cayman Islands Legal Services Code of Professional Conduct · 2026 · archived copy
AU Solicitors Solicitors' Conduct Rules no clear equivalent
AU Barristers Uniform Barristers Rules no clear equivalent
IE Solicitors Law Society Guide Ch9 — Accounts regulations: General strong 90 cases
To use each client's money for that client's matter only, To use trust money only for the purpose of that trust... To establish and maintain proper accounting systems and proper internal control systems to ensure compliance with the regulations.
Solicitor's Guide to Professional Conduct (Law Society of Ireland) · 4th ed. (2022) · archived copy · official source ↗
IE Barristers Bar Code of Conduct no clear equivalent
JM Attorneys Canons of Professional Ethics Canon VII(a) partial 137 cases
An Attorney shall comply with rules as may from time to time be prescribed by the General Legal Council relating to the keeping in separate accounts- (i) the funds of himself or any firm with which he is associated; and (ii) those of his clients.
Legal Profession (Canons of Professional Ethics) Rules · 1978 (principal) · archived copy · official source ↗
JE Lawyers Law Society of Jersey Code P.7; R.7.4 a),c) partial
Members must protect client money and assets... Members must: a) identify, monitor and manage risks to money and assets entrusted to them by clients and others... c) ensure compliance with the Accounts Rules.
Law Society of Jersey Code of Conduct · 1 January 2017 · archived copy · official source ↗
ON Lawyers LSO Rules of Prof. Conduct r 3.6-10; r 3.2-7.3 strong
3.6-10 A lawyer shall not appropriate any funds of the client held in trust or otherwise under the lawyer's control for or on account of fees except as permitted by the by-laws under the Law Society Act. [3.2-7.3 A lawyer shall not use their trust account for purposes not related to the provision of legal services.]
Law Society of Ontario — Rules of Professional Conduct · current · archived copy · official source ↗
BC Lawyers BC Code r 3.6-10 strong 66 cases
A lawyer must not appropriate any client funds held in trust or otherwise under the lawyer's control for or on account of fees, except as permitted by the governing legislation.
Code of Professional Conduct for British Columbia (BC Code) · 2017 · archived copy · official source ↗
NZ Lawyers Conduct & Client Care Rules r 10.5.2 / r 9.3 partial
A lawyer who receives funds on terms requiring the lawyer to hold the funds in a trust account as a stakeholder must adhere strictly to those terms and disburse the funds only in accordance with them. ... A lawyer who wishes to debit fees held in trust or to receive funds to cover fees in advance must comply with the requirements of regulations 9 and 10 of the Lawyers and Conveyancers Act (Trust Account) Regulations 2008.
Lawyers and Conveyancers Act (Lawyers: Conduct and Client Care) Rules 2008 · SR 2008/214 · archived copy · official source ↗
SCO Solicitors LSS Standards of Conduct no clear equivalent
SG Lawyers Professional Conduct Rules 2015 r 16 (Client money) partial 23 cases
16 Client money
Legal Profession (Professional Conduct) Rules 2015 · 2015 · archived copy · official source ↗
HK Solicitors Solicitors' Guide Principle 13.02 / Principle 4.02 Commentary 4 partial
A client account cheque must never be dishonoured. A solicitor must take care to ensure that any cheque for use in connection with his practice will be honoured upon presentation. ... Dishonour of a client account cheque will other than in exceptional circumstances indicate a breach of the Solicitors' Accounts Rules (Cap. 159 sub. leg. F). ... Under rule 9(2) of the Solicitors' Accounts Rules (Cap. 159 sub. leg. F), money received for or on account of an agreed fee which is paid by a client to his solicitor must be paid into an office account.
Hong Kong Solicitors' Guide to Professional Conduct (Volume 1) · current · archived copy · official source ↗
HK Barristers Bar Code of Conduct no clear equivalent
Cases dealing with this duty
1,577 decisions · link basis: found breached = a tribunal finding; rule cited = the mapped provision is cited in the decision; text match = high-precision text pattern
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Richard Mallett & Sharon Mallett
Breaches, Failures, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Nicholas Peter Whiffen
Breaches, Client Money, Failures, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Rebecca Jane Elliott
Breaches, Client Money, Failures, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Ebru Atas
Breaches
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Matthew Edward Flynn
Breaches, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Raymond Lawrence Toms
Breaches, Failures, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Edward Anthony Bromet
Breaches
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Petros Petrou & Stylianos Petrou
Breaches, Failures, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Charles James Ete & Henry Onotere Mume
Breaches, Client Money, Failures, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Karamjeet Kaur
Breaches, Client Money, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Kirna Devi Madhas
Breaches
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Munpreet Singh Virdee
Breaches, Client Money, Solicitors' Accounts Rules
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Arlean D. Moreta Beckford
Guilty of Professional Misconduct | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered November 27, 2019. || Struck off | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered February 15, 2020. View PDF DECISION OF THE DISCIPLINARY COMMITT…
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Howard A. Lettman
Guilty of Professional Misconduct | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered November 23, 2019. || Struck off, Restitution ordered | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered January 25, 2020 View PDF DECISION OF THE D…
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Howard A. Lettman
Struck off, Restitution Ordered | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered November 13, 2019. || Guilty of Professional Misconduct | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered July 20, 2019. View PDF View Formal Order D…
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Homayoun Sebastian Nejat
Rule 4-29 Admission of Misconduct and Undertaking | Summary
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Debayo Adedipe
Struck off, Restitution Ordered | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered October 23, 2019. || Appeal dismissed | Court of Appeal decision delivered April 08, 2022. View PDF DECISION OF THE DISCIPLINARY COMMITTEE OF T…
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David Doyle
In the matter of David Doyle, a solicitor previously practising as a partner in Doyle Associates, 56 Main Street, Rathfarnham, Dublin 14, and in the matter of the Solicitors Acts 1954-2015 [2019/DT09 and High Court refe…
strike_off View decision -
W. Anthony Pearson
Guilty of Professional Misconduct | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered October 12, 2019. || Struck off | Disciplinary Committee decision delivered June 18, 2020. || Application for Suspension of Order Refused | D…
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HELEN MARIE TOLSON
Referral to Supreme Court (full bench) recommending name be removed from the roll of practitioners
Referral to Supreme Court (full bench) recommending name be removed from the roll of practitioners 1 PDF View decision -
RONALD WILLIAM BOWER
Struck Off the Roll of Practitioners
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NICHOLAS NEIL PETER OUD
Struck Off the Roll of Practitioners
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Stuart, Andrew Graham
1. Misappropriated trust funds 2. Breached section 255 LPA 2004 - Holding, disbursing and accounting for trust money 3. Breached section 263 LPA 2004 - Reporting certain irregularities and suspected irregularities 4. Br…
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Davidson, Chona Encarnacion Castillo
Professional Misconduct 1. Misappropriation of trust funds 2. Breach of section 146 LPUL - Intermixing trust money 3. Breach section 138 LPUL - Holding trust money 4. Breach of section 148 LPUL - Deficiency in trust acc…
Costs Issued with a restricted practising certificate (Disciplinary Action 30/06/2020) $0.00 2 PDFs View decision
Duty classification does not yet cover every jurisdiction (Ontario, New Zealand and Singapore decisions are indexed but not yet duty-classified), so counts here understate those corpora.